ABSTRACT
Background: Today, bottled water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively low cost, better taste, ease of access and low levels of impurities. In unfavorable conditions, the maintenance of microorganisms due to hydrophobicity and adherence to bottles and as a result of increased lipolytic activity can lead to undesirable changes in color, taste and odor, and in cases of more severe load, microbial contamination may cause unhealthy water and flooding. In this study, the presence or absence of coliform in a number of bottled water brands was examined
Methods: The microbial quality of 10 markers of bottled water present in the market of Sari that was randomly selected from each mark and three samples was examined. The samples were analyzed using the coliform - presence/absence [P-A] test. The results were compared with national standards and the World Health Organization [WHO] guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and EXCEL
Results: Samples showed no microbial contamination Also, coliform and fecal coliforms were not observed in any of the samples. Finally, it was revealed that all cases were in accordance with national standards and WHO guidelines
Conclusion: Increasing the health indexes of places, food supply and distribution centers, and maintaining health conditions and measures that have been considered especially in the recent years on the health of bottled water, have greatly reduced the problems
ABSTRACT
Background: Being the first-line treatment of patients, emergency units have an especial importance. The mortality of patients in the emergency department is a problem that has been exacerbated in recent years. Further studies on the causes of death are required in the emergency for correct judgment. This study is conducted in order to better understand the causes of death, in patients referred to emergency unit of Tabriz Imam Reza hospital in 2014 - 2015
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on the profiles of all patients admitted to the emergency department of Tabriz Imam Reza hospital. Demographic data and causes of death were extracted
Results: Of the 604 patients who died in the emergency department, 60.6% were men, 54.6% derrram and 31.5% had over 75 years. The most common causes of death were internal illnesses [22.2%] and trauma [19%]. In total, 39.1% patients were died before in the emergency department and 32.1% of patients were referred from anther hospitals
Conclusion: It seems that internal illnesses and trauma are the most common causes of death in the emergency department. The high rate of mortality shows the importance of early aids and proper referral system
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To validate the triage ratings performed by the Electronic Triage System [ETS] using hospitalization, length of stay, resource use, in-hospital mortality and patient bills as outcome measures
Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study the medical records of 387 patients were reviewed in a one-week period. The data included triage category and the outcome measures were hospitalization, length of stay, in-hospital mortality, patient bill, and used resources. The association between the triage category and hospitalization and death was assessed. The association between the triage category and the number of resources, length of stay, and the bill was also assessed
Results: The mean age of the patients was 43.65+/-21.17 years. Women comprised 40% [n=155] of 387 people who were included in the study. The frequency of Emergency Severity Index [ESI] 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 categories were 18, 61, 127, 181 and 0 respectively. Phi and Cramer's V for hospitalization and death were 0.365 [p<0.001] and 0.305 [p<0.001]
Spearman's rho for bill, length of stay, and resource use were -0.483 [p<0.001], -0.228 [p<0.001] and -0.490 [p<0.001]
The association between triage category and resource consumption was stronger than other outcomes
Conclusion: The ETS was valid in predicting all studied patient outcomes. The ETS has also the advantages of providing quick reports, giving feedback and providing data for research purposes?
ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the inter-rater reliability of triages performed by the Electronic Triage System [ETS] which has recently developed and used in hospital emergency department [ED]
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively and studied 408 visitors of Tabriz Imam Reza hospital's ED. The variables of interest were age, sex, nurse-assigned triage category, physician-assigned triage category, disease type [trauma, non-trauma], and the referred room within the ED. Cohen's un-weighted kappa, linear weighted kappa, and quadratic weighted kappa were used to describe the reliability
Results: Un-weighted kappa observed to be 0.186 [95% CI: 0.123-0.249]. Linear weighted kappa observed as 0.317 [95% CI: 0.251-0.384] and quadratic weighted kappa as 0.462 [95% CI: 0.336-0.589]. In general, low agreement was seen between the triage nurses and ED physicians. For trauma patients and for those who were referred to the cardiopulmonary resuscitation room [CPR], all three types of kappa were higher than other visitors of the ED
Conclusion: Inter-rater reliability of the triages performed by the ETS observed as ranging from poor to moderate. Implementing interventions that would create a common language between nurses and physicians about the triage of the ED visitors seems necessary. The more agreement on the triage of trauma and CPR patients might be due to their condition and the more attention to them
ABSTRACT
Chest X-ray [CXR] is the simplest diagnostic tool of Community Acquired Pneumonia [CAP], but it has some limitation. Therefore, the aim of this study is comparing the diagnostic accuracy of CXR and chest ultra-sonography [CUS] in detection of CAP. In the present study, a consecutive sample of suspected patients with CAP was underwent CUS, CXR, and chest computed tomography [CT] scan. Diagnostic accuracy of CUS and CXR was assessed by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios using SPSS 20 statistical software. 30 patients with CAP were enrolled [93.3% male with mean age of 63.8 +/- 18.3 years]. Sensitivity of CUS and CXR in detection of CAP were 100.0% [95% Cl: 85.4-100.0] and 93.1% [95% Cl: 75.8-98.8], respectively. Specificity of CXR was 0.0 [95% Cl: 0.0-94.5], while the CUS specificity was not calculable. Findings of the present study demonstrated on the higher diagnostic accuracy of CUS versus CXR in detection of pneumonia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Emergency ward is of special importance in medical education, as students have the opportunity of getting experienced and skilled in crisis management. Hence, this study was performed to investigate interns' viewpoints toward the present situation of education at the end of emergency ward
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study performed during the academic year of 2007-2008, 120 interns of emergency ward were selected using census sampling method in educational hospital of Emam Reza affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of 4 parts [how interns' time is spent, their satisfaction with learning patient management in special situations, clinical skills, and quality of emergency ward]. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 5 using descriptive statistics and t-test
Results: Satisfaction of the majority of students with the manner of clinical skills education in the management of special urgent situation was in average to high level [except for the management of allergic emergencies which was reported to be low]. Interns' satisfaction with procedural skills education was reported to be mainly within the range of average to very high. Agreement of 64.2% of participants about extending the duration of emergency ward course was high or very high. The mean ranking score of the emergency ward rotation compared to other passed rotations by interns was almost 2 [1: the best situation, 10: the worst situation]
Conclusion: Although students' satisfaction with educational status showed an improvement compared to previous studies, but the current one is still far from ideal condition